


Glass 

Book 




COP/RIGHT DEPOSIT. 






































































Little Friends 

of 

The Snow 


Treating of the Mountain Flowers 
of the State of Washington 



BY 


Jennie V. Getty 
. * 


Illustrated from Drawings by the Author, 
and Photographs 


Lowman & Hanford Co. 
Publishers 




Mf'' P';: 


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Copyrighted 1914 

BY 

Georgia Allen 


DEC 29 1914 


OEC 29 1914 


DEDICATION 

To the children who have worked with 
me in the school room, I dedicate this 
little book. 

They will find that “Little Friends of 
the Snow” differ from the flowers that 
grow near their homes, but I have en- 
» ,,deavored to present each plant so sim- 
that resemblances to plants around 
them may be easily noted. 

■x 

■ I hope, also, that “Little Friends of 
the Snow” may induce many to visit 
their delightful mountain homes. 

JENNIE V. GETTY. 


Note.—Since this manuscript was pre¬ 
pared, death called the Author from her 
efforts in the field and the school room. 
To give permanence to her research, her 
relatives have caused “Little Friends of 
the Snow” to be published. 





No. 1 


Tlie Caltha 

The Caltha is a sister to the Butter¬ 
cup. The picture shows the natural size 
of the plant. 

We pulled it up on the side of Mount 
Rainier just below the great snow fields. 

The melting water from this snow kept 
the flower’s bed always wet and cool. 

The color of the blossom is greenish 
white. The Anemones, Cowslips and 
Marsh Marigolds are sisters to the Cal¬ 
tha. Even the Larkspur and Columbines 
belong to their family. 

No. 1. 




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No 


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A 3f(Miiitaiii Aneinoiie 

This beautiful Anemone blossoms often 
within a few feet of the snow. 

The large dull-white flowers appear as 
soon as the plant peeps out of the ground. 

It grows a foot or more in height be¬ 
fore it ripens its seeds. 

The bunches of little seed vessels look 
like a gray woolly wig. 

The blossom is about the size of the 
picture of it. It is cup-shaped. 


No. 2. 














No. a 



The Shooting Star 

Very many Shooting Stars grow in 
Minnesota, along the Mississippi River. 
When we found them growing on Mount 
Rainier, in Paradise Valley, we felt as 
though we had met a dear old friend. 

It grows in wet places. The long, slen¬ 
der pale-green leaves come from the 
roots. 

The tall flower stem has a raceme of 
rose-purple flowers. The petals turn 
back, and the stamens unite and form a 
cone. 

The blossom looks as though it were 
shooting itself away from the stem. 

It belongs to the Primrose Family. 

It is sometimes called the American 
Cowslip. 


No. 3. 






An Ali)iiie Primrose 

At the top of Mount Elinore grows the 
clearest little Primrose. 

The leaves are elliptical and about a 
quarter of an inch long. Like those of 
so many of the high mountain plants, 
they are rigid and evergreen. 

From the center of the leaves grows 
a flower stem usually bearing one or two 
rose-purple blossoms half an inch long. 

The plants are from two to three 
inches high. 

It is a cousin to the Shooting Star we 
found on Mount Rainier. 

The picture on the opposite page shows 
the size of the plant. 


No. 4. 













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No. 5 




The Spring' Beauty 


From early spring until autumn, the 
children may find some species of the 
delicate little plant commonly called the 
Spring Beauty. 

Its real name is Claytonia. 

It grows in wet places. 

Several species have but two leaves on 
the stem. In Western Washington we 
may find several species with more than 
two leaves on the stem. 

The little plant usually bears a raceme 
of rose or pink flowers. 

There are five petals and two sepals. 
The sepals remain after the petals have 
fallen. 

A very pretty Claytonia grows at an 
elevation of 8,000 feet on the sides of 
Mount Rainier. 

It grows in the pumice fields sur¬ 
rounded by large fields of snow. 

The leaves are evergreen. 

The flowers grow in a purple head. 


No. 5. 











No. 6 


Wild Rose 

This is a tiny Western Rose. It is 
common along the roadsides. It grows 
on the mountain sides. 

In autumn it is covered with bright 
scarlet seed pods. 

The Apple Blossoms, the Spiraea, and 
the Five Finger are its cousins. 

They belong to the Rose Family. 

No. 6. 





No, 7 


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stone Croj) 

Here is a fine picture of the Stone 
Crop, It grows in large patches on rocks 
or where the soil is thin. 

It paints the banks a bright yellow and 
can be seen a long distance. 

This plant was gathered on Mount 
Rose. INIount Rose is one of the Olym¬ 
pics. 

It is found on Mount Rainier also. 

No. 7. 




No. 8 






Saxifrages 

Pretty little Saxifrages met us as we 
climbed the mountain. We gathered 
two species which had evergreen leaves. 
They were clustered near the roots; on 
the stems were bracts. 

The one brought from Mount Elinor 
bad a panicle of small white open blos¬ 
soms, A little sister growing on Mount 
Rainier has from one to three flowers 
on the stem. Its blossoms are slightly 
streaked with purple. The plants are 
from two to six inches high. 

The little Bishop’s Cap, the beautiful 
Syringa, and the Hydrangea are cousins 
to these little mountain Saxifrages. 

The Currant and the Gooseberry be¬ 
long to its family. 

No. 8. 




No. U 


The Heucliera 

This pretty Heuchera we saw first 
growing in the scant soil of a mountain 
slide. A few feet away was a snow field. 

The blossom made us think of the Lily 
of the Valley, but the leaves had no re¬ 
semblance to it. 

It is related to the little Saxifrages 
we told you about. 

The picture shows the plant nearly 
life size. 

Notice how the leaves resemble those 
of the Gooseberry and the Currant. 

No. 9. 




No. 10 



The Dogwood 

What boy has not climbed the Dog¬ 
wood tree for its handsome blossoms? 
But what the children call one blossom 
is really a large number together. 

Pick the head apart. Examine it 
closely. You will find you have in your 
hand many tiny blossoms. 

What you thought were the petals are 
only bracts. Bracts are modified leaves 
which often surround the* flower. 


No. 10. 










No. n 




The Dwarf Dogwood 

This little Dogwood is a sister to the 
Dogwood tree you know so well. It 
grows about eight inches high. It bears 
a single head of flowers. 

This plant was gathered on the Divide 
between Mount Rose and Mount Elinore. 
It was growing with the Clintonia. Here 
are a bunch of its seed pods. The chil¬ 
dren sometimes call them Bunch Berries. 

This plant is the Dwarf Dogwood. 

No. 11. 




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No. 12 


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The Twin FloAver 

The evergreen vine of the Twin Flower 
you children may find in cool moist 
woods. It creeps along the ground. 

The fiower stems bear two rose-col¬ 
ored, bell-shaped fiowers. They are del¬ 
icately fragrant. 

In open woods, in May, you will find 
mounds covered with these dainty blos¬ 
soms. 

They are sometimes called May 
Flowers and sometimes Twin Sisters. 

It is a species of Honeysuckle. 

No. 12. 




No. 18 


The Sitka Yaleriaii 

This is a bunch of blossoms which we 
gathered from a tall plant growing on 
the mountain meadows. 

Its pinkish-white flowers grow in 
bunches like the Heliotrope and remind 
one of it. But it is not even a relative. 
The leaves do not resemble those of the 
Heliotrope. 

It is a showy, fragrant plant. It grows 
so abundantly that the mountain climbers 
soon associate it with mountain meadows. 

Its name is Sitka Valerian. 

No. 13. 




No. 14 


— Copyright, 1907, Ashael Curtis 




Harebells 

On the mountain sides and in the val¬ 
leys, in moist places, the delicate little 
Harebells grow. 

Their beautiful blue bells nod on slen¬ 
der stems. One Harebell, I know, has 
just a tinge of blue, another is as blue as 
the bluest sky. The last one is called 
Round-Leafed Harebell. The round or 

heart-shaped leaves come from the root 
and die early; so when you find this 
flower you may not understand why it 
should be called Round-Leafed Harebell. 

No. 14. 




T) 


No. 1 



Mountain Azalea 

Not many states are richer in orna¬ 
mental shrubs than ours. The names of 
a few are the Honeysuckle, the 
Syringa, the Rhododendron, and the 
Mountain Azalea. 

The twig on the opposite page was 
brought from Mount Elinor. It is quite 
common in our mountains. 

At first glance the shrub reminds us 
of the Syringa. It does not belong to 
the same family. The flowers are more 
bell-shaped. The petals of the Syringa 
are separate, those of the Azalea are 
united. 

The Azalea grows from three to five 
feet high. In August it is covered with 
handsome white flowers. The Rhododen¬ 
dron and the Heather are its cousins. 

No. 15. 





The Prince’s Pine 

On the opposite page is a picture of the 
Prince’s Pine. 

Its leaves are firm. Their margins 
are toothed. 

At the top of the plant is an umble 
of whitish flowers. The petals at their 
bases are rose-tinged. They are slightly 
fleshy. The flower is beautiful, but if 
you pick it for a bouquet, it will disap¬ 
point you. Its petals will soon fall. 

The plant is woody near the ground. 
You can scarcely break it. 

No. 16. 




No. 17 


Mountain Heather 

Here is a cousin to the famous Scotch 
Heather. It is not so well known, but 
we think it much prettier than its Scotch 
relation. 

It is a shrub. It varies from about 
three inches to a foot or more in height. 
The plants are often found in large 
patches which are covered with their 
rose-purple bells. 

The leaves are needle-shaped and ever¬ 
green. 

No. 17. 




No. IS 



White He<atlier 

Growing near the last flower and look¬ 
ing much like it, is the White Heather. 

The leaves are very short. They look 
like overlapping green scales. 

No. 18. 




No. 19 




Indian Pipe 

Who has not gathered the weird In¬ 
dian Pipe? It is sometimes called 
Corpse-plant. 

The entire plant is wax-white. The 
top of the stem bends over in bowl¬ 
shaped flower. 

The whole plant, children, looks like 
the pipe through which you blow soap 
bubbles. 

It blossoms in deep, damp woods in 
August. Wherever the plant receives 
an injury it turns jet black. 

It is difficult to press. It should be 
placed between blotting paper and the 
paper changed several times a day. 

No. 19. 




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. 


No. 20 


A 







Pyrola or IVintergreeii 

A friend pulled up this little Pyrola 
as we were coming down Mount Rainier. 
I brought several like it from Mount 
Elinor, 

This is the entire plant except the 
roots. Each little flower resembles a 
blossom on a Huckleberry bush. But 
the spray of flowers looks like a spray 
of Lilies of the Valley, 

No. 20, 



All Alpine Goldenrod 

When we speak of the Goldenrod, we 
usually have in mind a tall plant nearly 
covered with its panicle of golden 
flowers. We almost forgot the gray-green 
leaves. Perhaps we have paid little at¬ 
tention to them, the plant is so truly a 
golden rod. 

But far up on Mount Rainier, in the 
slender soil of the perpendicular cliffs, 
we found a patch of baby Goldenrods. 

The plants were from two to five 
inches high. The leaves were elliptical. 
Their margins were round-toothed. At 
the top of the plant was an umble of 
beautiful golden flowers. 

It was a golden rod for the fairies 
who play about the pumice fields of the 
White King of the Sound. 


No. 21. 









The Merteiisia 

The Mertensia grows at the edge of 
the timber in moist mountain meadows. 
It is a branching plant often two feet or 
more in height. It is considered beauti¬ 
ful, but we thought it coarse looking. 

Its leaves are simple and alternate. 
The blossoms droop from slender flower 
stems. They hang in handsome bright 
blue racemes. 

The plant is also called Lungwort. It 
belongs to the Heliotrope Family, but it 
will not remind you of the Heliotrope 
unless you examine it closely. The blos¬ 
som at first sight will remind you of 
the beautiful Greek Valerian. 

No. 22. 




No. 23 



A Monkey Flower 

Here is a handsome Mimulus or Mon¬ 
key Flower. 

It is found in beds of small mountain 
streams. It grows from a foot to about 
eighteen inches high. A large bunch is 
usually found growing together. This 
is covered with large rose-purple flowers. 

We found it on Mount Rainier at an 
altitude of from four to six thousand 
feet. 

The next picture shows a beautiful lit¬ 
tle sister often found near it. 

No. 23. 




No. 24 







Another Monkey Flower 

This dainty sister grows in loose mats 
and is only from three to four inches 
high. The flowers are a bright yellow. 
The throat of the corolla is spotted. 

In the lowlands, in wet places, the 
children may And beautiful relatives of 
these plants. They are often a bright 
yellow with rose-purple dots inside. 

If I tell you that the Monkey Flowers 
belong to the same family as the Snap¬ 
dragons you may be able to recognize 
them more easily in your marshes. 

No. 24. 









A Peiistemoii 

On the opposite page is a picture of 
our Mountain Camp. 

One day a man brought in a bright rose- 
colored flower. We thought it the pret¬ 
tiest one of the mountains. It looked 
much like a Monkey Flower, but the 
throat of the blossom was open. 

We hunted a day for this rare flower. 
When we found it, it was growing out of 
the crevasses of rocks far above us. We 
had a hard time to get it. 

It creeps along the rocks. Its leaves 
are small and opposite. 

The flowers are an inch long. 

No. 25. 




Mountain P'lower Field 



All Alpine Feiisteiiioii 

One day in August, we started across 
the snowfields for Camp Muir. Camp 
Muir is a rocky station surrounded by 
eternal snows. Travelers bound for the 
top of Mount Rainier spread their blan¬ 
kets here and stay all night. 

Sometimes we came to rocky cliffs 
which were bare of snow. On these we 
found flowers. We pulled a beautiful 
little Penstemon which we found creep¬ 
ing along the ground. 

Its leaves were evergreen. They were 
only a quarter of an inch long. 

The flower was purple. It was an 
inch long. 


No. 26 














No. 27 


Indian Pink 

This is the Indian Pink or Painted 
Cup. It dresses in scarlet, red or crim¬ 
son. It paints the dry slopes of Mount 
Rainier with its dashing colors. 

The blossoms once seen can never be 
mistaken. It looks very much like a 
paint brush. 

The plant grows from six to ten inches 
high. 

Its leaves are sometimes cut and some¬ 
times entire. 


No. 27. 

















L’S 






Alpine Phlox 

This Alpine Phlox grows in dense 
mats at an elevation of about six thou¬ 
sand feet. The flowers open so close 
together that they almost hide the leaves. 

We found it first near the top of 
IMount Elinore. The guide called it Baby 
Eyes. Its real name is Phlox. Phlox 
means a flame. 

The blossoms are purple. Sometimes 
they are nearly white. 

The leaves are almost needle-shaped. 

No. 28. 











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No. 20 



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The Cliiitoiiia 

On the Divide between INIount Rose 
and Mount Elinor, we gathered the Clin- 
tonia. 

It blooms early in August. 

Each little plant bears one or two pure 
white flowers. 

The plant grows about six inches high. 

It has many relations which you chil¬ 
dren know. It belongs to the Lily 
Family. 

The showy white Trulium which you 
gather in the spring and call a Lily is 
its cousin. 

The Clintonia was named for De Witt 
Clinton. 


No. 29. 









No. :i0 


Dogtooth Violet 

This Dogtooth Violet or Adder Tongue 
in its pure white dress pleases every 
mountain climber. The nodding flowers 
look like fairy Easter bells. One stem 
may have as many as three blossoms. 
Some persons have reported even six. 

We gathered large bouquets of these 
on Mount Rainier at an elevation of six 
thousand feet. 

There, also, along streams we found 
its beautiful twin sister dressed in bright 
yellow. 

Their long slender leaves with the 
veins running parallel suggest at once 
the Lily. 

INIany Dogtooth Violets have spotted 
leaves but these have not. 

Mountain lovers now call this the Ava¬ 
lanche Lily. The picture on the cover 
shows it blooming in the snow. 


No. 30. 















Tlie Columbia Lily 

The Columbia Lily is found in many 
places in Western Washington. It grows 
on moist hillsides. 

The leaves are scattered or in whorls 
on the stem. 

The blossoms appear in July. They are 
often much larger than the ones shown 
in the picture. Their color is bright or¬ 
ange. They are spotted on the inside. 

The plant grows from two to three 
feet high. 

No. 31. 




No. a 



Moiiiitaiii Asphodel 

Then there is the queer-looking “Moun¬ 
tain Asphodel.” It grows from two to 
four feet high. The stems are stout. 

It has long, dry, riaid, grass-like 
leaves. The longest ones are clustered 
at the roots. The mountain people say 
the Indians make baskets of them. 

The leaves grow smaller and smaller 
on the stem until they are only bracts. 

The crowded, showy, white blossoms 
resemble somewhat a dainty white 
feather duster. 

The Mountain Asphodel is considered 
by many the handsomest flower of the 
mountains. 

No. 32. 




No. :i3 



Hanging Moss 

This lichen is unfortunately growing 
scarcer; it does not love civilization. 

A few years ago it twined itself around 
branch and trunk, along all of our West¬ 
ern Washington rivers. 

Often a single strand was a yard in 
length. I seldom find it so long now. 

It is called Hanging Moss. 

No. 33. 




No. .*^4 





Daisies and Asters 

Large Daisie.-^, white and blue, cover 
acres of ground in August at an altitude 
of five or six thousand feet on the sides 
of Mount Rainier. 

We picked some in pieces and counted 
the little simple fiowers which make up 
one fiower head. 

As the Daisies begin to grow old, the 
bright purple Asters come. These flowers 
are sisters. 

They belong to a large family called 
the Composite Family. The Sunflowers, 
the Dandelions and the Goldenrods be¬ 
long to this, the proudest family of sum¬ 
mer and autumn. 


No. 34. 
















No. .■{.■) 


Pressing' Composite Flowers 

Press Composite Flowers between soft 
white blotting paper. 

If you cut them down at one side, they 
will press better. It is hard to keep the 
strap-shaped petals of the flower head 
from rolling. 

If the flower head has a heavy center, 
do not disturb it for two days after put¬ 
ting it to press. 

If you do the ray flowers will roll. 


No. 35. 












No. 8(5 


Mountain Jointweed 

One of the most showy plants of the 
mountain meadows is shown in this pic¬ 
ture, It lifts its snowy head higher than 
most of the Alpine flowers. The slender 
grass-like stems are always in motion. 

The root leaves are six inches long 
and more than an inch wide. They grow 
shorter and narrower as they ascend 
the stem. 

This pretty plant has a very homely 
name. It is called Jointweed. 

No. 36. 








No. .37 


Arnica 

Here is a flower which looks like a 
tiny Sunflower. If you should pick one 
of these flower heads in pieces, you would 
find that it is made up of many small 
flowers, like the Sunflower. 

The leaves are opposite on the stem. 

It is an Alpine Arnica. 

IMedicine is made from an Arnica which 
grows in Europe. 


No. 37. 



The Beautiful Polemouium 

On one of our Rainier trips, we found 
a pretty plant called the Beautiful Pole- 
monium or Greek Valerian. 

It grew about a foot in height. 

Its leaves are compound and alter¬ 
nate. They look something like the leaf 
of the pea. The leaflets are sometimes 
opposite and sometimes alternate. 

On the ends of the branches are clus¬ 
ters of bright blue bell-shaped flowers. 

No. 38. 



Another Polemonium 

Higher up on the bluffs, we found a 
sister Greek Valerian. 

It is much smaller. It is very sticky. 

The flowers are as large as the first 
Polemonium. They are blue with a 
bright yellow center. Both blossoms 
are bell-shaped. 

They belong to the Phlox Family. 

No. 39. 




No. 40 


roteiitilUi 


Acres of this beautiful Potentilla are 
found on the mountain meadows in Au¬ 
gust. 

It drooped a little before we could get 
its picture, but, growing, the blossom 
will remind you of a Buttercup. 

But it does not belong to the Buttercup 
family, it belongs to the Rose Family. 

Its parts are arranged like those of 
the Rose. 

It is also called Cinquefoil and Five 
Finger. 


No. 40. 
















Coral Root 

Coral Root, as its name indicates, was 
named for its coral-like root. 

The stem and the flowers are nearly 
the same color. 

It has no true leaves. There are 
sheaths around the stem instead of true 
leaves. 

It is related to the handsome but rare 
Calypso found in moist Northern woods 
in April and May. 

The Calypso is often wrongly called 
Lady’s Slipper. 

The Coral Root, the Calypso, and the 
Lady’s Slipper belong to the Orchis 
Family. 

No. 41. 




No. 42 




A Bouquet from the Olympics 

We have already spoken of many of 
the flowers shown in this photograph. 
Let us see if we can name them: the 
two wide leaves on the left are Clintonia 
leaves. Under these is a bunch of Moun¬ 
tain Heather. There are three woolly 
heads showing the seed pods of an Ane¬ 
mone. 

The two tall panicles have been 
broken from the Hellebore or Veratrum 
viride. A bunch of Heuchera extends 
farthest to the right. It looks like a 
bunch of Lilies of the Valley. 

At the base of these is a Mountain 
Thistle. A spray of Chelone extends 
outward and downward from the Thistle. 
High up between the sprays of Hellebore 
is an umbel of Valerian. 

A Daisy shows prominently in the fore¬ 
ground. 

No. 42. 



A Pretty Gentian 

The Fringed Gentian is one of the pret¬ 
tiest of autumn flowers. Bryant wrote a 
beautiful poem about it. 

This is not the Fringed Gentian, but 
it looks very much like it. 

The flower is blue and slightly fringed. 
It is trumpet-shaped. It blooms about 
the last of August and the first of Sep¬ 
tember. 

We gathered these blossoms on Mount 
Rainier at the edge of the snow fields. 

No. 43. 



Spiraea 

Many of the children know either the 
Nine-bark, the rose-purple Hardback, or 
the long, graceful, creamy-white blos¬ 
soms of the Goatsbeard. 

These are a few kinds of Meadowsweet 
or Spiraea. 

The picture shows a pretty white 
mountain Spiraea. We gathered it near 
the top of Mount Elinore. It was creep¬ 
ing along crevasses in the rocks. 

It looks like moss with beautiful 
flowers growing from it. 

Many of our dainty mountain plants 
make us think of flowering mosses. 

This little Spiraea has a spike of white 
flowerets more than an inch long. Its 
leaves are evergreen. 


No. 44. 









INDEX 


No. 

2 . 

37. 

32. 
34. 

33. 
15. 

1 . 

21 ). 

41. 

30. 

10 . 

11 . 

43. 

21 . 

33. 

14. 


17. 

18. 
0 . 

27. 
10 . 

30. 

31. 
22 

23. 

24. 
42. 
2.3. 
20 . 

28. 
38. 
30. 
40. 

4. 
10 . 

6 . 

8 . 

3. 

44. 

5 . 
7. 

12 . 

13. 

20 . 


Anemone. An cm one occidental is 

Arnica. Arnica latifolia 

Asphodel . Xeroplinlluni tenax 

Asters. Aster foliaccus frondcus 

Aster. Aster ledophtiUus 

Azalea. Rhododendron albiflornm 

Caltha . Caltha leptosepala 

Clintonia. Clintonia parviflonnn 

Coral Root. Corallorhiza mertensiana 

Dof?tooth violet. Enjthroninni inontanum 

Dogwood. Corn us n uttallii 

Dogwood. Corn us canadensis 

Gentian. Gentiana calueosa 

Goldenrod. Eolidapo in ultiradiata-seopulorum 

Hanging Moss. IJsnea harhata 

Harebells. 

('ampanula seouleri and Ca in pan ula rotundi- 
folia 

Heather. Ph ullodoee cmpetriforin is 

Heather, white. Cassiope mertensiana 

Heuchera.. . . Ileuehera racemosa 

Indian I’ink. ('astilleia oreopola 

Indian Pipe. Uonotropa hupopitus 

.Tointweed. Pol upon um histortoidis 

Lily, Columbia. Lilium eolumhian um 

Mertensia. Uertensia paniculata 

Monkey Flower. Mint ulus leirisii 

Monkey Flower, yellow. Mini ulus lanpsdorfii 

Olympic P>ou(iuet 

1‘enstemon Uese. . Penstemon neicberrpi rupieola 

Penstemon. Penuteinon menziesii da ridson ii 

Phlox. Phlox diffusa 

1*0lemonium. Polemonium h um He 

Another Polemonium. Polemonium elepans 

I’otentilla. Potentilla flabellifolia 

Primrose. Douplasia laevipata 

Prince’s I*ine. Chimaphila umbellata 

Rose. Rosa ppmnoearpa 

Saxifrages. 

. .Saxifrapa bronehialis and Saxifrapa tolmaei 

Shooting Star. Dodecatheon crenatum 

Spiraea. Spiraea hendersoni 

Spring Beauty. Claytonia lanceolata 

Stone Crop. Seduin orepanum 

Twin Flower. Linnaea borealis 

Valerian. Valeriana sitchensis 

Wintergreen. Pyrola sccunda 







































































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